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~ $ sudo apt-get update
~ $ sudo apt-get upgrade
The following packages have been kept back:
fake-hwclock gnome-accessibility-themes gnome-themes-standard gnome-themes-standard-data libfm-data libfreetype6
libfreetype6-dev libgail-3-0 libgcc1 libgfortran3 libgomp1 libgtk-3-0 libgtk-3-bin libgtk-3-common
libjavascriptcoregtk-3.0-0 libpango1.0-0 libstdc++6 libwebkitgtk-3.0-0 lxinput lxpanel omxplayer pcmanfm
pypy-upstream zenity zenity-common
The following packages will be upgraded:
fuse libfuse2 libpq5 libraspberrypi-bin libraspberrypi-dev libraspberrypi-doc libraspberrypi0
libwebkitgtk-3.0-common ntfs-3g raspberrypi-bootloader raspi-config
11 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 25 not upgraded.
Need to get 64.2 MB of archives.
After this operation, 6,113 kB of additional disk space will be used.
Do you want to continue [Y/n]? Y

インストールされているパッケージの一覧を表示するには "dpkg -l" を使う

参考
Debianでのパッケージ管理コマンド一覧